Теоретические аспекты изучения феномена лжи (на материале зарубежных исследований)
DOI: 10.15293/2312-1580.2302.01
Ключевые слова:
ложь, межличностное взаимодействие, манипуляция, эгоизм, альтруизмАннотация
В статье представлены теоретические аспекты изучения феномена лжи на материале современных зарубежных исследований. Проанализирована специфика феномена лжи как преднамеренного аморального поведения, направленного на обман других в процессе социального взаимодействия. Рассмотрены различные факторы, обусловливающие использование лжи субъектами. Проанализированы основные зарубежные исследования, посвященные изучению факторов, обусловливающих применение лжи с различной мотивацией: эгоистической или альтруистической. В процессе теоретического анализа установлено, что ложь представлена тремя конфигурациями. Первая конфигурация – садистская ложь – направлена на то, чтобы причинить вред другому индивиду. Во второй и третьей конфигурации ложь выступает как стремление к самосохранению субъекта. Во второй конфигурации объект ощущается как недоступный. В данном случае ложь может быть использована для создания привлекательного «я», которое вызовет принятие и поддержку объекта. В третьей конфигурации объект ощущается как навязчивый, как следствие посредством лжи реализуется потребность в независимости. Кроме того, ложь может выступать в контексте сохранения конфиденциальности индивида. Выявлено, что в настоящее время в научных исследованиях остается ряд нерешенных проблем, связанных с проблемой лжи и ее социальной оценкой.
Библиографические ссылки
Arico A. J., Fallis D. Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics: An Empirical Investigation of the Concept of Lying // Philosophical Psychology. 2013. Vol. 26, Issue 6. Pp. 790‒816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2012.725977
Blanchard M., Farber B. A. Lying in Psychotherapy: Why and What Clients Don’t Tell Their Therapist About Therapy and Their Relationship // Counselling Psychology Quarterly. 2016. Vol. 29, Issue 1. Pp. 90‒112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2015.1085365
Cerda C. de la, Clegg J. M., Warnell K. R. Everyone’s a Critic (Sometimes): Young Children Show High Awareness of, But Lower Adherence to, Prosocial Lying Norms // The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2023. Vol. 184, Issue 2. Pp. 93‒101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2022.2158439
Doyle F. L., Bussey K. Moral Disengagement and Children’s Propensity to Tell Coached Lies // Journal of Moral Education. 2018. Vol. 47, Issue 1. Pp. 91‒103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2017.1380611
Ein-Dor T., Perry-Paldi A., Daniely T., Zohar-Cohen K., Hirschberger G. Deciphering the Riddle of Human Deceit Detection: Groups Comprising a Higher Number of Anxious People Are Better at Distinguishing Lies from Truths // Psychology. Crime & Law. 2016. Vol. 22, Issue 10. Pp. 945‒956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2016.1202251
Fang X., Chen L., Wang J., Zhang Q., Mo L. Do All Types of Compassion Increase Prosocial Lying? // Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2020. Vol. 13. Pp. 437‒451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S238246
Foster I., Wyman J., Talwar V. Moral Disengagement: A New Lens with Which to Examine Children’s Justifications for Lying // Journal of Moral Education. 2020. Vol. 49, Issue 2. Pp. 209‒225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1656057
Hadfield A. Lying in Early Modern Culture // Textual Practice. 2014. Vol. 28, Issue 3. Pp. 339‒363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2012.719721
Halpert E. On Lying and the Lie of a Toddler // The Psychoanalytic Quarterly. 2000. Vol. 69, Issue 4. Pp. 659‒675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167‒4086.2000.tb00580.x
Hammond B., Currie G. Lying, Language and Intention: Reflections on Swift // European Journal of English Studies. 2015. Vol. 19, Issue 2. Pp. 220‒233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13825577.2015.1039278
Hancock J. T., Curry L. E., Goorha S., Woodworth M. On Lying and Being Lied to: A Linguistic Analysis of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication // Discourse Processes. 2007. Vol. 45, Issue 1. Pp. 1‒23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01638530701739181
Heyman G. D., Hsu A. S., Fu G., Lee K. Instrumental Lying by Parents In The US and China // International Journal of Psychology. 2013. Vol. 48, Issue 6. Pp. 1176‒1184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.746463
Layton L. On Lying and Disillusionment // Psychoanalytic Perspectives. 2018. Vol. 15, Issue 1. Pp. 12‒24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1551806X.2018.1396122
Lemma A. The Many Faces of Lying // The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 2005. Vol. 86, Issue 3. Pp. 737‒753. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1516/KN9J-2AU5-TB95-FRLH
Levine T. R., Serota K. B., Carey F., Messer D. Teenagers Lie a Lot: A Further Investigation into the Prevalence of Lying // Communication Research Reports. 2013. Vol. 30, Issue 3. Pp. 211‒220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2013.806254
Maas F. K. Childrenʼs Understanding of Promising, Lying, and False Belief // The Journal of General Psychology. 2008. Vol. 135, Issue 3. Pp. 301‒322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.135.3.301‒322
Mann S., Ewens S., Shaw D., Vrij A., Leal S., Hillman J. Lying Eyes: Why Liars
Seek Deliberate Eye Contact // Psychiatry, Psychology and Law. 2013. Vol. 20, Issue 3. Pp. 452‒461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2013.791218
Marsili N. Immoral Lies and Partial Beliefs // Inquiry. 2022. Vol. 65, Issue 1. Pp. 117‒127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2019.1667865
Mirodan V. Lying Bodies, Lying Faces: Deception and the Stanislavskian Tradition of Character // Stanislavski Studies. 2016. Vol. 4, Issue 1. Pp. 25‒45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20567790.2016.1155364
Otgaar H., Baker A. When Lying Changes Memory for the Truth // Memory. 2018. Vol. 26, Issue 1. Pp. 2‒14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1340286
Paige L. E., Wolf J. M., Gutchess A. Evaluating Heart Rate Variability as a Predictor of the Influence of Lying On Memory // Memory. 2022. Vol. 30, Issue 7. Pp. 785‒795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1849307
Riesthuis P., Otgaar H., Battista F., Mangiulli I. Public Beliefs on the Relationship between Lying and Memory // Psychology, Crime & Law. 2022. Vol. 28, Issue 6. Pp. 545‒568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2021.1929979
Rutschmann R., Wiegmann A. No Need for an Intention to Deceive? Challenging the Traditional Definition of Lying // Philosophical Psychology. 2017. Vol. 30, Issue 4. Pp. 438‒457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2016.1277382
Van der Geest S. Lying in Defence of Privacy: Anthropological and Methodological Observations // International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 2018. Vol. 21, Issue 5. Pp. 541‒552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2018.1447866
Van Dongen E. Theatres of the Lie: ʽCrazyʼ Deception and Lying as Drama // Anthropology & Medicine. 2002. Vol. 9, Issue 2. Pp. 135‒151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1364847022000029714
References
Arico A. J., Fallis D. Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics: An Empirical Investigation of the Concept of Lying. Philosophical Psychology, 2013, vol. 26, issue 6, pp. 790‒816. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2012.725977
Blanchard M., Farber B. A. Lying in Psychotherapy: Why and What Clients Don’t Tell Their Therapist About Therapy and Their Relationship. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 2016, vol. 29, issue 1, pp. 90‒112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2015.1085365
Cerda C. de la, Clegg J. M., Warnell K. R. Everyone’s a Critic (Sometimes): Young Children Show High Awareness of, But Lower Adherence to, Prosocial Lying Norms. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 2023, vol. 184, issue 2, pp. 93‒101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2022.2158439
Doyle F. L., Bussey K. Moral Disengagement and Children’s Propensity to Tell Coached Lies. Journal of Moral Education, 2018, vol. 47, issue 1, pp. 91‒103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2017.1380611
Ein-Dor T., Perry-Paldi A., Daniely T., Zohar-Cohen K., Hirschberger G. Deciphering the Riddle of Human Deceit Detection: Groups Comprising a Higher Number of Anxious People Are Better at Distinguishing Lies from Truths. Psychology. Crime & Law, 2016, vol. 22, issue 10, pp. 945‒956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2016.1202251
Fang X., Chen L., Wang J., Zhang Q., Mo L. Do All Types of Compassion Increase Prosocial Lying? Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2020, vol. 13, pp. 437‒451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S238246
Foster I., Wyman J., Talwar V. Moral Disengagement: A New Lens with Which to Examine Children’s Justifications for Lying. Journal of Moral Education, 2020, vol. 49, issue 2, pp. 209‒225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1656057
Hadfield A. Lying in Early Modern Culture. Textual Practice, 2014, vol. 28, issue 3, pp. 339‒363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0950236X.2012.719721
Halpert E. On Lying and the Lie of a Toddler. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 2000, vol. 69, issue 4, pp. 659‒675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2167‒4086.2000.tb00580.x
Hammond B., Currie G. Lying, Language and Intention: Reflections on Swift. European Journal of English Studies, 2015, vol. 19, issue 2, pp. 220‒233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13825577.2015.1039278
Hancock J. T., Curry L. E., Goorha S., Woodworth M. On Lying and Being Lied to: A Linguistic Analysis of Deception in Computer-Mediated Communication. Discourse Processes, 2007, vol. 45, issue 1, pp. 1‒23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01638530701739181
Heyman G. D., Hsu A. S., Fu G., Lee K. Instrumental Lying by Parents In The US and China. International Journal of Psychology, 2013, vol. 48, issue 6, pp. 1176‒1184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.746463
Layton L. On Lying and Disillusionment. Psychoanalytic Perspectives, 2018, vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 12‒24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1551806X.2018.1396122
Lemma A. The Many Faces of Lying. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 2005, vol. 86, issue 3, pp. 737‒753. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1516/KN9J-2AU5-TB95-FRLH
Levine T. R., Serota K. B., Carey F., Messer D. Teenagers Lie a Lot: A Further Investigation into the Prevalence of Lying. Communication Research Reports, 2013, vol. 30, issue 3, pp. 211‒220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2013.806254
Maas F. K. Childrenʼs Understanding of Promising, Lying, and False Belief. The Journal of General Psychology, 2008, vol. 135, issue 3, pp. 301‒322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.135.3.301‒322
Mann S., Ewens S., Shaw D., Vrij A., Leal S., Hillman J. Lying Eyes: Why Liars Seek Deliberate Eye Contact. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 2013, vol. 20, issue 3, pp. 452‒461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2013.791218
Marsili N. Immoral Lies and Partial Beliefs. Inquiry, 2022, vol. 65, issue 1, pp. 117‒127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2019.1667865
Mirodan V. Lying Bodies, Lying Faces: Deception and the Stanislavskian Tradition of Character. Stanislavski Studies, 2016, vol. 4, issue 1, pp. 25‒45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20567790.2016.1155364
Otgaar H., Baker A. When Lying Changes Memory for the Truth. Memory, 2018, vol. 26, issue 1, pp. 2‒14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1340286
Paige L. E., Wolf J. M., Gutchess A. Evaluating Heart Rate Variability as a Predictor of the Influence of Lying On Memory. Memory, 2022, vol. 30, issue 7, pp. 785‒795. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1849307
Riesthuis P., Otgaar H., Battista F., Mangiulli I. Public Beliefs on the Relationship between Lying and Memory. Psychology, Crime & Law, 2022, vol. 28, issue 6, pp. 545‒568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2021.1929979
Rutschmann R., Wiegmann A. No Need for an Intention to Deceive? Challenging the Traditional Definition of Lying. Philosophical Psychology, 2017, vol. 30, issue 4, pp. 438‒457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2016.1277382
Van der Geest S. Lying in Defence of Privacy: Anthropological and Methodological Observations. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 2018, vol. 21, issue 5, pp. 541‒552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2018.1447866
Van Dongen E. Theatres of the Lie: ʽCrazyʼ Deception and Lying as Drama. Anthropology & Medicine, 2002, vol. 9, issue 2, pp. 135‒151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1364847022000029714
